Information demands are at their peak! Robust and durable design for demanding field work. The abem terrameter ls 2 delivers high voltages and currents. Abem terrameter ls 2 resistivity meter: Stay away from cables and electrodes while the system is operating. View online or download 1 manuals for abem terrameter sas Abem terrameter ls 2 resistivity meter: Occasion abem terrameter sas vente en.
The method of specific electric resistivity allows to get quantitative electrical data with which is estimated average. Walk along the entire length of the planned profiles before putting out any equipment, to ensure that the selected lines are practical. Reynolds, J. Sharma, P. Telford, W. Ward, S. Ward, Society of Exploration Geophysisits, Tulsa, p The following list is an attempt to summarize frequently needed additional equipment.
A drill mud polymer such as Johnson Revert or similar added to the water can increase the viscosity to prevent draining away during measurement in permeable soils. Mix salt and polymer with water to suitable viscosity, it may be wise to do this in buckets before pouring the mixture into plastic bottles of convenient size. The following field procedure assumes that the standard ABEM Lund equipment with a set of 4 cables with 21 electrode take-outs each is used. For all protocol files using the standard Lund Imaging System cable layout, of four cables with 21 take-outs each, the procedure described below is recommended.
By using this procedure, high near surface resolution towards the ends of the measured section is achieved. This is important not only for the resolution at shallow depths, but it also affects the resolution at depth. At the first measurement station start laying out and connecting three cables only, and connect the instrument between the first two cables. In the data acquisition software these cables are designated as Cable 2, Cable 3 and Cable 4 see Figure 10 , where the instrument is connected between Cable 2 and Cable 3, and Cable 1 is excluded at the first station.
Note that the last and the first electrode take-outs shall overlap at the cable ends. Cable arrangement at the first measurement station in a roll-along survey, where the first cable is excluded. All CVES cables shall be rolled out in the direction of the profile, i. The procedure is: Secure the free cable end at the point of the lower coordinate number and walk the reel towards points of higher coordinate numbers.
It is a good rule to have the profiles always running south-to-north or west-to-east instead of north-to-south or east-to-west , to avoid confusion when the results are to be presented unless an existing co-ordinate system demands else.
Take-out 21 of one shall overlap take-out 1 of the next cable at the cable joints and in the layout centre9. Overlapping takeouts connect to the same electrode. Link together the inner and outer electrode cables Cable 3 and Cable 4 only at this stage with a cable joint white cylindrical connecting device. Take care to connect it in the right direction: the groove on the cable joints should point towards the instrument in the layout centre9.
Outer end Instrument Connect electrodes to the odd-numbered take-outs on all active electrode cables9. The even- numbered take-outs can be left out for the time being. If the ground is soft and moist the electrodes can just be pushed into the ground and connected, however hammering and wetting is often needed. Check the contact surfaces between electrode take-outs, cable jumpers and electrodes for dirt and oxide, which can ruin the data quality, and clean if needed.
Link together inner and outer electrode cables using the white cable joints. Connect the Electrode Selector at the centre of the cable spread, i. Furthermore, all electrodes should be connected from the start. Note also that the cable joints have two grooves instead of one for this type of cable system.
Always keep the protection caps clean and in place whenever possible. Let the protection caps protect each other when the cables are connected as shown in the picture. Interconnect the Terrameter and Electrode Selector using the cable 33 11 alternatives as per paragraph 6. At the second measurement station, and all the following stations as long as the line is being extended, all four cables are connected see Figure Cable 1 is connected to Cable 2 with a cable joint as well, where again the groove must face the cable closest to the instrument.
Figure Cable arrangement at the second measurement station in a roll-along survey. When finishing the measurement profile, and no additional electrode cable and electrodes are put out, the instrument should still be moved one step in order to get all the near surface information. The active electrode cables will thus be Cable 1, Cable 2 and Cable 3 see Figure Since all for e. Wenner, Schlumberger and multiple gradient array or many for dipole-dipole or pole-dipole of the possible measurements have already been done for the long layout protocol the measuring will be fast.
Cable arrangement at the last measurement station in a Wenner, Schlumberger or multiple gradient array roll-along survey, where the last cable is excluded. If the multi-channel dipole-dipole or pole-dipole protocols mentioned in this document are used, it is necessary to do roll-along twice without adding new cable at end of line see Figure This depends on that these protocols are designed to avoid unnecessary repetition of measurements, and still get as much data as possible.
Such a procedure need not be considered for single channel dipole-dipole or pole-dipole protocols. Notice that even if this procedure is used duplicate data points can occur for multi-channel pole-dipole protocols after roll-along. Cable arrangement at the last measurement station in a dipole-dipole or pole- dipole roll-along survey, where the last two cables are excluded.
For a cable set of 4 cables with 16 electrode take-outs each it is simpler. For nested electrode arrays such as Wenner, Schlumberger and multiple gradient all possible measurements can be taken with all 4 cables in one go. Hence all electrodes must be connected at the start.
Furthermore, there must be no overlapping of electrode take-outs at the cable intersections. It is only for dipole-dipole and pole-dipole type of arrays measured with multi-channel equipment that it is motivated to consider using measurement protocols that require roll-along move of the instrument without adding new electrodes at the end of a surveying line in order to optimise the use of the multi-channel capability.
This starts the LUND program as described in the following. If the mode was IP, the record name would become LI To continue, select OK and press or simply press. A maximum of eight files can be specified. When ready, select OK or simply press. By pressing you can move between four submenus. This is only of relevance if you need to change settings, e.
The instrument will automatically step down to a lower current if it is impossible to transmit the selected current. Finally, you can decide to show the apparent resistivity instead of the resistance. The data buffer size is the number of readings taken before saving to the disk.
This value is a trade-off between speed and security. Also the actual battery voltage is displayed here. For extra long electrode layouts a higher minimum current is recommended. The coordinates of the setup can be specified here also. In the upper frame the number of LUND units is given 1 or 2.
Cable 1 takeout 1: Enabled. When the test is finished, a list of the electrodes with bad ground contact is given. You then have the option to skip a particular electrode, or to improve the grounding.
It may be necessary to connect several electrodes to each take-out to get sufficient contact NOTE: Dangerous voltages and currents are transmitted by the Terrameter via the electrode cables connected to the Electrode Selector! During the entire duration of an electrode contact test or measurement session it is the responsibility of the operator always to have full control of the entire electrode cable layout, so that people and animals do not get close to the electrodes and electrode take-outs connected to the measurement cables!
This test only takes a couple of minutes, but can save a lot of time afterwards! The array code determines how the contact test is performed. For most arrays the electrodes can be tested pair-wise against each other starting at one end. Another option is to test each electrode against all the other electrodes only available for ES For pole-pole and pole- dipole all the electrodes are tested individually since one of the current electrodes is assumed to be a remote electrode.
If long cables e. The program automatically continues to measure using all four electrode cables when the contact is satisfactory.
Occasionally, the program may stop depending on poor electrode contact even if the contact test was passed depending e. It is therefore advisable to check that measurements have not stopped every now and then, and improve contact or step down the current for that particular electrode combination only.
In this way the instrument and cable joints can simply be moved one step before starting the roll-along measuring on the following measurement station. If no extra electrode cable is at hand the following procedure can be adopted. While the measurements are in progress for the long layout using all four cables the electrodes for the remaining take-outs on the two electrode cables closest to the centre short layout may be connected.
When measurements are done for the long layout, the program stops and waits for the operator to press to continue with protocol file 2 if "Wait between protocols" is set to YES. As soon as the measuring on the long layout is finished, Cable 1 can be disconnected, wound up and rolled out ahead of Cable 4 if you want to perform roll-along. In this way all electrodes can be in place when measurements on the short layout are finished. Bring along the cable joint used to link Cable 1 and Cable 2 and drop it at the Electrode Selector.
Disconnect the other cable joint when passing the connection between Cable 3 and Cable 4, and use it for linking the former Cable 1 when it is in place in the position ahead of Cable 4.
Make sure that what is now Cable 3 and Cable 4 are linked together with a cable joint, unless it is the last station on the profile and Cable 4 hence is excluded. When all measurements on the short layout are finished, the program stops and asks whether to continue with roll-along measurements upward or downward or quit. If you want to link more data to the profile, first disconnect Cable 2 and Cable 3 from Electrode Selector, and link these cables together with the cable joint.
These cables are from now Cable 1 and Cable 2! If you decide to continue with roll-along up or down the Measurement Setup menu appears again. The same comments as described previous applies. The process now continues as described above: checking of contact and measuring first for long layout and then short layout. However, measuring is now faster since many possible measurement combinations were already measured in the previous layout.
While measuring is carried out on the long layout all electrodes at even-numbered take-outs on Cable 1 can be removed and connected to the even-numbered take-outs on Cable 3, to be ready for the contact test for the short layout.
The profile can be extended as far as desired. In addition measuring can be stopped at any time by pressing , which gives a possibility to change certain parameters in the setup. The measurement can then be continued, by pressing the key. While measuring the profile, do not forget to take notes of the position of reference points along the line using the cables as ruler.
Do also mark out some of the used midpoints along the profile with pegs, sticks, paint or whatever is suitable. This facilitates identification of points for further investigations later on. Furthermore, it is often efficient to level the topography while doing the measurements, using the cables as ruling tape. Similarly it can be efficient to determine the coordinates of key points along the measured line with GPS during the measurement process, unless this is taken care of by a special arrangement.
It is possible to stop the measuring program at any point, and re-start it again. You can select an existing record and add data to this record. The program will automatically find out how far the surveying has proceeded, update coordinates etc. It is thus possible to continue surveying without loosing data after e. For the standard Wenner CVES the data cover is enhanced by measuring in two sets, linking in electrodes from the outer electrode cables.
With roll-along measuring the data cover becomes continuous, for all but the longest electrode separations where there are gaps in the cover between the station points Figure Since there is a substantial over-lap in data cover between consecutive station points, the. UP and. DWN protocol files are reduced accordingly, which means measuring is much faster.
In practice, this means that the measuring for these points normally take about half as long time as for the first midpoint. A unit electrode spacing of 1 metre was used.
Any cable configuration and electrode array could in principle be used for measuring, as long as the geometry and measuring sequence is specified in the address and protocol files used. Details on the format of these files are given in section 8.
Sketch system layout for roll-along surveying, with a roll-along direction perpendicular to the cable direction. The roll-along direction will depend on coordinate system orientation preferences. A condensed step-by-step description is given below, in which it is assumed that the first electrode cable layout direction is called X and the perpendicular direction is called Y Figure The description assumes that Res3dinv is to be used for the inversion, but the procedure should also be applicable to alternative inversion software.
Decide the number or electrodes in the cable layout direction X-direction. This will be limited by the number of take-outs on the electrode cables available, and could be for example 16, 21, 32 or 41 electrodes. Decide which electrode configuration to use.
Pole-dipole both forward and reverse measurements is often preferred as it offers good depth penetration and sensitivity towards the edges on limited cable layouts, plus good resolution.
Dipole-dipole or multiple gradient array measurements are good options if it is not practical to use a remote electrode. BIN file and upload to the instrument.
Roll out the electrode cable s along the first investigation line and connect the electrodes. Example showing a survey consisting of 9 parallel lines oriented in the x-direction. In this case, according to the nomenclature of Res2dinv collate tool, all lines have the same X location of first the electrode along this line, but different Y locations. While measuring is being carried out, electrode cable s can be rolled out and electrodes connected on the next investigation line.
The distance between lines should normally not exceed twice the electrode separation. Remove the cable s and electrodes from the first line and set up the third line. Continue this process as far as desired. Using a separation between the lines that is equal to the electrode separation will increase the resolution.
If extra resolution is required the process can be repeated with the electrode cables rolled out in the perpendicular direction Y-direction. After data acquisition is completed, download all the data files to a computer using the utility software. Convert the data files to the DAT-format used by Res2dinv.
TXT can be found in the Res2dinv program directory and change filenames and coordinates according to the present survey. Start Res3dinv and invert the merged data file. See section 8. The roll-along feature will not work for this type of measurements. Suggestions for additions to this list are appreciated. Always keep the protection caps clean and in place when ever possible. Problem Reason Remedy No signs of life from The battery may be Check that the batteries of Electrode the Electrode completely discharged in Selector and Terrameter are properly Selector no beep either the Electrode Selector charged, and that the cable linking the when the Terrameter or the Terrameter, or the units is OK power is switched communication cable on.
No contact obtained Poor electrode grounding Check that the Electrode Selector is at all during the for all electrodes, or no trigging and Terrameter is responding contact test proper response from the properly. If not check that all interface Terrameter cables are in good condition and properly connected, and that the batteries are OK. If the Terrameter is responding check the error code, where a common reason is that the contact resistance is too high for all the electrodes.
Try to improve the grounding, or step down the current in general not recommended, will impair data quality 10 A battery capacity of Ah is recommended for heavy duty applications, i.
If readings possibly too low measuring necessary water, and hammer down, current. High level of self- electrodes, and if that is not sufficient potential. Check that all connectors are in good condition and are firmly connected to the electrodes! No contact obtained The cable joint may be Check that the cable joints are properly from electrode take- connected in the wrong connected! The groove on the cable joint outs on the cable direction or not connected at should point towards the layout centre beyond the cable all joint Negative, but rather Cable 2 and cable 3 may be Check that the cables are connected to the stable resistivity switched at Electrode Electrode Selector in the right order!
Check that all connectors and cables are results Dirty or moist connectors. The output is fused by 2A. B Pin B and C give a contact closure at an occasion of alarm. The pins are totally isolated from the rest of the system. Max permissible load would be 12V at 2A. B Gives 12V out at an occasion of alarm. C 0V reference. D Ground for power supply. The logging cable has seven nylon-insulated conductors and a polyurethane jacket. A Kevlar stress member, good for N is incorporated. Three cylindrical current takeouts are located 5.
The cable is marked at 1 m intervals, starting at the logging probe shoulder. The stainless steel upper end shoulder of the logging probe, serves as electrode 0 m. The lower inside end of the probe - the chamber - has one ring electrode, The centre electrode also contains the temperature transducer.
The end of the chamber is set at an angle to improve circulation of fluid in the chamber as the probe moves. Three holes in the chamber wall permit air to escape, thus ensuring good contact with the fluid.
The return current terminal is connected to a return current electrode ABEM stainless steel electrode placed not less than 75 m from the well to be surveyed. The potential reference terminal is connected to a reference potential electrode ABEM stainless steel electrode not less than 50 m from the well and in the opposite position from the return current electrode.
Even if there is a test facility testing the ground connection for these remote electrodes, great care should be exercised when installing them to ensure reliable connection to ground.
Directly after switch on, the LOG will perform a self-check, which takes a few seconds. This is the smallest conceivable distance between two logging points, OK 4. In the Log Configure menu, page 1 9 , enter the distance steps for downwards and upwards logging the logging interval is multiplied by this number, the return is the actual distance between the logging points in the respective run and select which modes should be utilized on the way down and which on the way up, see paragraph 8.
In the Measure Parameter menu, page 3 9 , make the desired resistivity settings,. Calibrate temperature, page 5 9 , the log is shipped with default calibration values entered, which allow the stated accuracy. For special demands other values may be entered. In the Options menu, page 7 9 , set options for the current transmitter,.
In the Info Text menu, page 8 9 , make all the comments for the actual survey, or. Return to the View Sample menu, page 9 9 , to view retrieved data. Select whether to follow the sequences preset in point 4 above, Down, or, Up,. The last retrieved data is shown in the upper part of the LCD, together with the relevant depth information. The next measurement and the appropriate new level according to the settings in point 4 above are suggested in the lower half of the LCD.
Move the probe slightly up and down a few times while waiting for equilibrium to be established. Temperature logging should be the first log at each 1. To reduce electrode polarization, attributable to previous resistivity measurement or long storage in air, the electrodes should be depolarised before SP logging starts. Lower the logging probe into the well, use the level mode to determine the depth to the water table.
Return to the Info Text menu para. An imperative to proceed to next depth appears in the lower half of the LCD. The voltage that is displayed will be the potential between the remote potential reference electrode and the upper electrode, the shoulder, on the logging probe.
Resistivity or IP measurements should not be made during a SP logging run. In case of small-diameter wells a correction is needed. In table 8. The calculation is not done to the stored values. Well diameter in mm. Correction factor 50 - 60 1. The corresponding response voltage is measured between the ground potential reference and the ring electrode at the bottom of the probe.
Concentrations by weight Concentrations of the common ions found in ground water are often reported by weight in parts per million ppm. One ppm defines one part by weight of the ion to a million parts by weight of water, and it is numerically equivalent to milligrams per liter. Total dissolved solids TDS is also reported as ppm. The following diagram illustrates the relationships between resistivity and TDS for various salt solutions and for an average of natural ground waters.
Conductance is sometimes preferred for the estimation of TDS rather than resistance, its reciprocal since it increases with salt content. Grapher or Excel can be used for the plotting. This may require some editing of the data file, like e. Another option is to use Interpex IX1D. There is also a variety of dedicated software available for plotting borehole logging data from LAS format files. Hint: If you are not comfortable with file handling, accept the default settings to avoid future path-problems.
All available commands are accessible through the toolbar. When you move the cursor over the command tools, a tool tip is displayed for information. From left to right there are: New project, Open project, Save project, Delete project or document, Program properties, Help, Get data from Terrameter, Install program module into Terrameter, Remove program module from Terrameter, Modify calibration parameters.
From the record manager press the key. Please ensure that the settings baud rate are identical on both the Terrameter and the computer. This procedure can take several minutes.
Also ensure there is sufficient battery capacity before starting upgrading the communication program. In order to do this, press the appropriate toolbar green arrow pointing downward.
Please check that the serial number of your Terrameter is shown in this window. This ensures that the communication is working properly. In case of problems with the communication, check that the baud rate is set equally on the Terrameter and on the PC. Also check that the correct serial port on the PC is used. In some rare cases it is necessary to decrease the baud rate to or The tree structure displays all files residing on the Terrameter.
In the example shown, only one single file named R S4K is found. You can specify exactly which files to import to the PC by marking the checkbox. It is therefore necessary to convert the data files to another convenient format. In the conversion window, right-click with the mouse to select the data files. Alternatively, select the menu Data Conversion — Add Files. The return current terminal is connected to a return current electrode ABEM stainless steel electrode placed not less than 75 m from the well to be surveyed.
Resistivity or IP measurements should not be made during a SP logging run. Page 62 7. Grapher or Excel can be used for the plotting.
This may require some editing of the data file, like e. Another option is to use Interpex IX1D. Also ensure there is sufficient battery capacity before starting upgrading the communication program.
It is therefore necessary to convert the data files to another convenient format. Some basic information about each file is given, e. To convert the files, mark them and right-click or simply click the! Refer to Appendix F. Press OK to finish. In the above example only two protocols are selected. BIN, press the rightmost tool. If remote electrodes are used these positions are specified as zero. The measured apparent resistivity can be plotted as pseudosections in colour or grey scale.
Inverted sections can be plotted as continuous smooth plots or as rectangular blocks. A suitable selection of limits may enhance the geological variation, while an unsuitable selection may hide important information or enhance irrelevant features.
Example of an inverted 2D section. Figure Another way to deal with data quality is to start running a preliminary inversion using the robust inversion method.
This test should be performed at least once per year. Usually the chargeability reading M is in the range 8. The resulting. S4K file can be converted to an AMP file for documentation. An example of such an. AMP file is shown below.
However, the thermometer and the fluid resistivity cell can be checked fairly accurately using a fluid of known temperature and resistivity in a suitable container. Typical ranges of electric resistivities of geological materials.
The amount of water in a material depends on the porosity, which may be divided into primary and secondary porosity. Primary porosity consists of pore spaces between the mineral particles, and occurs in soils and sedimentary rocks.
The clay minerals may be regarded as electrically conductive particles, which can absorb and release ions and water molecules on its surface through an ion exchange process. Schematic representations for a gradient array, b pole-dipole, and c Schlumberger measurement.
Sharma, P. The meaning of the codes is as follows: Error code Cause If the error persists, contact parameters ABEM. Internal error - invalid fundamental Try again. Read the included instruction before proceeding with the firmware upgrade. Version 3.
Instructions on how to install are included in the. Based on application software version 1. Download new spread and protocol files, found under instrument software category. Version: 3. Using the WalkTEM. Utilizando el Terrameter LS. Utilizando el WalkTEM.
Download and save to your computer. The program can be used in demo mode without a license code. The file is password protected, contact ABEM for instructions. Includes remote operation, data transfer and SMS messaging via regular telephone or GSM, as well as direct cable connection. Download file to computer and use Terrameter LS Toolbox to install on instrument.
Download file to computer and unzip. Instructions included in file. Only used in boreholes. Spanish language. Figures refers to original manual Based on Software release 1.
A number of standard cables are available with different number of electrode take-outs and electrode spacings. Technical Specifications. User Manual.
Terrameter LOG product leaflet. Product Brochure. Android Software. PC Software.
0コメント